[Epigenetics; Selection and inheritance; Adaptive and neutral evolution; Genetic drift; Species and speciation.]

[Regulation mechanism, non-coding RNA, operons and operon mutants]

[for reactive and non-reactive systems; Recycle, bypass and purge processes]

[Degree of reduction, electron balance, theoretical oxygen demand]

[Laws of thermodynamics; Solution thermodynamics; Phase equilibria, reaction equilibria]

[Membrane potential; Energetics of metabolic pathways, oxidation and reduction reactions]

[Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, fluid flow – laminar and turbulent, mixing time]

[Oxygen transfer and uptake in bioreactor, kLa and its measurement]

[Conductive and convective heat transfer, LMTD, overall heat transfer coefficient; Heat exchangers]

[zero and first order kinetics; Ideal reactors – batch, mixed flow and plug flow; Enzyme immobilization, diffusion effects – Thiele modulus, effectiveness factor, Damkoehler number]

[Kinetics of cell growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Structured and unstructured models]

[Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Microbial and enzyme reactors; Optimization and scale up]

[Media formulation and optimization; Sterilization of air and media; Filtration – membrane filtration, ultrafiltration; Centrifugation – high speed and ultra; Cell disruption]

[Principles of chromatography – ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC; Extraction, adsorption and drying]

[Pressure, temperature and flow measurement devices; Valves; First order and second order systems]

[Feedback and feed forward control; Types of controllers – proportional, derivative and integral control, tuning of controllers]

[Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and cell suspension culture system – methodology, kinetics of growth and nutrient optimization]

[Production, Hairy root culture; Plant products of industrial importance; Artificial seeds; Somaclonal variation; Protoplast, protoplast fusion – somatic hybrid and cybrid]

[direct and indirect methods of gene transfer techniques; Selection marker and reporter gene; Plastid transformation]

[Culture media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth]

[Animal cloning; Transgenic animals; Knock-out and knock-in animals]

[Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites – Biofuels, bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins and metabolites; Clinical, Screening strategies for new products]

[Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors – plasmids, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes; Expression vectors]

[cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation and cloning, strategies for production of recombinant proteins]

[DNA/RNA labelling and sequencing; Southern and northern blotting; In-situ hybridization]

[RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies]

[light, electron, fluorescent and confocal microscopy; UV, visible, CD, IR, fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR spectroscopy]

[Micro-arrays; Enzymatic assays, ELISA, RIA, immunohistochemistry; immunoblotting, Whole genome and ChIP sequencing]

[Sequence analysis – sequence file formats, scoring matrices, alignment, phylogeny]

[Gene prediction; Functional annotation; Secondary structure and 3D structure prediction; Knowledge discovery in biochemical databases; Metagenomics; Metabolic engineering and systems biology]